We review the many causes of motion artifacts in BIOPOTENTIAL RECORDING. We moved several electrode materials at several velocities in electrolytes. Artifact voltage ranged from 350 μV at 0.13% NaC1 concentration and 100 mm/s to 10 mV at 1.3% concentration and 25 mm/s. We present a theoretical model in which adsorbed ions attach to the electrode. Ions in the diffusion layer move with the electrolyte. This separation of charge causes the artifact. A second source of motion artifact is cable movement. This causes the polarization potential of the electrodes to have a varying attenuation because the stray capacity of the electrode varies. Experimental and theoretical artifacts ranged from 1 to 100 mV. Artifact is reduced by using electrodes having large area, electrolytes having high concentration, amplifiers having high impedance, and preamplifiers located at the electrodes.

Intracranial surgery is performed for tumors, trauma, congenital abnormalities, vascular diseases (aneurysms and vascular malformations) trigeminal neuralgia, and other disorders of the brain that are amenable to surgical treatment. Using the latest technology, state of the art image guided surgery is used in many cases to accurately locate lesions within the brain. In patients with refractory epilepsy, whose EEG-monitoring reveals focal epilepsy, after doing Brain MRI, SPECT, PET and neuropsychological assessment, the lesion, ictal onset zone and its function will be determined in one specific area and based on these findings lesion will be resected by surgery. If the specific ictal onset zone is not identifiable with Intracranial RECORDING, EEG-monitoring will be applied to determine the specific ictal onset zone during ictal phase (mostly in temporal lobes) before the surgery.Indications are described as:Confirmation of an anatomo-electro-clinical hypothesis, Attempt to record nodes in the epileptic network, takes into account the near propagation of ictal onset, and Implantation of electrodes also takes into account surgical resective margins of the given hypothesis.Possible Markers of epileptogenicity are:Still investigational: high frequency oscillations, single pulse stimulation induced late responses and microelectrode RECORDING of micro seizures.Intracranial RECORDING has specific pattern, significant limitations, costs and risks. Implanted electrodes necessarily record from a small volume of cortex. Restrict the number of implanted electrodes to as few as possible without compromising the ability to detect the zone of seizure onset with sufficient precision to use in the determination of the epileptogenic area for subsequent surgery.

Patients without known identification often cause problems in daily routine admission and discharge processes, and this asks for further consideration. If patient's identity is not determined until discharge, problems might be imposed on judicial system and forensic medicine authorities. Therefore, it's expected that authorities take appropriate universal measures, in all of the hospitals nationwide, immediately after such patients' admission to the hospital; hence, assisting in patient's immediate or later identification. In addition, these measures would protect authorities and clinicians against potential complaints and lawsuits. In our country, until now, there have been no approved guidelines, specifying the manner in which these unidentified patients should be admitted, and it is not established what specific measures should be adopted by health service providing centers while dealing with these patients, in order to prevent liability of hospitals and curtail further problems for patients. In this article, we examined this issue and reviewed the points that must be taken into consideration when admitting these patients. We also proposed a proceeding designed for covering necessary issues during admission of this group of patients.

This paper first explains Quran’s view about writing and then mentions verses of Quran about this matter. Traditions of holy Imams are explained in this paper too. Islam’s view about book and study is explained as well and Quran verses together with traditions related to this field are mentioned. Other subjects explained in this paper include great libraries such as library of Maraghe observatory and other great libraries constructed by Muslim scientists, invention of paper, Islam’s victories, encouraging Muslim people to write and record Islamic subjects; contribution Islamic scientists for writing; interest of caliphs to writing and translation; transferring government from Damask to Baghdad and entrance of Iranian people to court of caliphs and their help to develop writing and translation in Islamic civilization. Finally, first people who wrote different Islamic sciences are introduced in this paper.

In magnetic RECORDING media, the remnant magnetization loop, Mr (H) has some parameters, which explain the properties of the medium in view of the storage density and signal-to-noise ratio. It is necessary to find the mechanism of Mr variations from the statistical characteristics of the system. We have prepared samples of single-domain acicular iron particles with 0.3 µm length, and the oriented textures of particles formed. The easy axis distribution of particles in the samples was determined using the results of magnetic measurements. The effect of the distribution width on Mrand coercively (Hc) have been studied. The deviation of results from the Stoner-Wohlforth model for Hc indicates a correlation in the medium due to the dipole-dipole interaction. We also present a technique for determining the switching field distribution in medium, which has been used for various samples. A narrow distribution leads to narrow transition regions in the RECORDING media, and an increase of signal. A high switching field at the maximum of distribution indicates the ability of high RECORDING density.

 It has been shown recently that loud clicks evoke myogenic potentials in the tonically contracting sternocleidomastoid muscles. Studies have suggested that these potentials are of vestibular origin, especially of the saccule and inferior vestibular nerve. A pilot study was undertaken in our hospital to record vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) for the first time in Iran. Eighteen healthy volunteers (32 ears) without history of otologic or vestibular disorders were subjected to the VEMP test. Twenty-one patients (26 ears) with unilateral (6 patients) and bilateral (5 patients) high frequency sensorineural hearing loss with unknown etiology, acoustic neuroma (1 patient), Meniere’s disease (4 patients) and unilateral low frequency sensorineural hearing loss without vestibular complaint (5 patients) were also enrolled in this study. VEMP response to clicks was obtained from 84.4% of ears of healthy subjects. These subjects demonstrated short latency waves to click stimuli during tonic neck flexor activation. Mean latencies of first positive (p13) and first negative (n23) potentials in healthy subjects were 12.45 ± 1.9 ms and 20.8 ± 3.5 ms, respectively. Median latencies of these two potentials were 12.1 and 19.3 ms, respectively. We could record VEMP in 5 patients with unilateral and all patients with high and low frequency sensorineural hearing loss without vestibular complaint. In the patient with acoustic neuroma VEMP was absent on the affected side. This technique may offer a new method to evaluate otolith and sacculocollic pathways in human.      

Background and purpose: Medical records of patients have an undeniable role on education, research and evaluation of health care delivery, and also could be used as reliable documents of past in cases of patients' legal complains. This study was done to evaluate medical data RECORDING at teaching hospital of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2004. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 527 patients' records of patients who had been discharged from general wards of the hospitals after 24 hours of hospitalization were randomly selected. 18 standard titles of records include in each patient's record were evaluated using checklists. Data were analyzed using frequency distribution tables, independent t-test and Chi-square test. Results: Items on records' titles were completed in a range of 0-100%. Titles of neonates and nursing care with 96% completeness were the most completed ones~ Titles of recovery, pre-delivery care, medical history, summary, and progress notes with 50% to 74% completeness were categorized as moderately completed titles; and titles of vital signs, pre-operation care and operation report were weak. Records of the infectious diseases ward were the most completed records (68%) and the least completed were from ophthmology ward (35.8%). There were significant differences between the hospitals and between different wards.Conclusion: Results of this study show the need for further education on record writing, taking medical history, and order writing and more importantly the need for a system of continuous monitoring of the records.